| SIENNA RADHA CRAIG
EDUCATION
| 2006 |
Ph.D., Cultural Anthropology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Dissertation Title: On the ‘Science of Healing’: Efficacy and the Metamorphosis of Tibetan Medicine.
Supervisors: David Holmberg, Davydd Greenwood, Viranjini Munasinghe, Vincanne Adams, external member (UC SF-Berkeley program in Medical Anthropology) |
| 2002 |
MA, Cultural Anthropology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY |
| 1995 |
BA, Religious Studies, Brown University, Phi Beta Kappa, Magna Cum Laude |
| 1993 |
School for International Training, College Semester Abroad – Nepal |
CURRENT APPOINTMENTS AND POSITIONS
| 2012 – present |
Dartmouth College, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology |
| 2012 – present |
Himalaya: Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, Co-Editor |
| 2012 – 2013 |
Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth, Ethics and Medical Humanities Working Group Member. Participant in medical school curriculum redesign process. |
| 2006 – 2012 |
Dartmouth College, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology |
| 2009 |
International Association for the Study of Traditional Asian Medicine (IASTAM), Vice President – Himalayas Desk |
| 2007 |
OneHEART Worldwide, Board Member and Chair of Medical Advisory Board of non-profit organization dedicated to improving maternal and neonatal health in Tibetan areas of China and Nepal (www.oneheartworld-wide.org). |
| 2006 |
Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, Executive Council Member |
| 2004 |
French Institute of Pondicherry, Medicine and Societies in South Asia, Affiliated Scholar |
| 2001 |
Himalayan Amchi Association, Kathmandu, Nepal, Advisor |
| 1998 |
Drokpa, Chief Executive Officer of nonprofit organization that partners with communities in the Himalaya and Central Asia to implement grassroots development and cultivate social entrepreneurship (www.drokpa.org). |
PREVIOUS APPOINTMENTS AND POSITIONS
| 2010 – 2011 |
Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center / New Hampshire Hospital Association, Qualitative Research Consultant and Medical Anthropologist, New Hampshire State Hand Hygiene Project, PI: Katherine Kirkland, MD. Position also involves mentoring undergraduate research assistants. |
| 2009 |
ARD, Inc., Consultant to evaluate United States Agency for International Development (USAID)-funded community development, public health, and cultural preservation initiatives in Tibetan areas of China. |
| 2008 – 2012 |
World Health Organization / Gates Foundation / Institute of Pediatric Innovation, Co-Investigator with Lisa V. Adams, MD on Grant: “Determining Patient and Provider Preferences to Guide Optimal Development of Pediatric Formulations.” Project includes primary and secondary research and qualitative data collection protocol development for large-scale survey on pediatric medicines in Tanzania and Ghana. PI: Stephen P. Spielberg, MD, PhD. |
| 2007-2010 |
United Nations Development Committee Global Environmental Facility (GEF) Small Grant Programme, Grant Author and Research Collaborator on Grant No. NEP/OP3/2/07/10. “Conservation, Cultivation and Sustainable Utilization of Medicinal Plants: Integrating Amchis’ Traditional Environmental Knowledge and Practices with Community-based Biodiversity Conservation, Sustainable Livelihoods, and Culturally Appropriate Health Care in Mustang District, Nepal.” Grant submitted on behalf of the Himalayan Amchi Association, which serves as chief implementation agency. |
| 2004 – 2006 |
Center for Disease Control (CDC), Consultant and Medical Anthropologist on Grant No. TS1252 – Community-based Micronutrient consumption in Tibet (“TSAMPA Project”), Tibet Autonomous Region, China; PI: Timothy Dye, Ph.D. |
| 2004 |
Winrock International, Washington DC, Consultant for development and review of proposal submitted to USAID based on an RFA for a joint conservation and development initiative in Tibetan areas of Sichuan Province, PRC. (Grant was awarded to Winrock.) |
| 2002 – 2004 |
National Institutes of Health (NIH/NICHD) and the Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health, Research Coordinator and Medical Anthropologist on Research Grant: “A self-sustaining perinatal care system for Tibet” and “Clinical trial of Zhi Byed 11, a Tibetan medicine, with Misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage,” Lhasa, TAR, PRC; PIs: Dr. Michael Varner, MD and Dr. Suellen Miller, Ph.D., CNM. |
| 1996-97 |
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Research Assistant, Mountain and Natural Resources Division, Kathmandu, Nepal. |
FELLOWSHIPS AND RESEARCH GRANTS
| 2012-2015 |
National Science Foundation, Division of Biological AnthropologyGenetics and the Fertility of Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal. PI: Cynthia Beall (Case Western Reserve); Co-PIs: Sienna R. Craig and Geoff Childs (Washington University-St. Louis). |
| 2012-13 |
The Ethics Institute, Dartmouth CollegeFaculty Fellow |
| 2012-13 |
Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Public Policy and Social Sciences and Claire Garber Goodman Fund, Dartmouth CollegeFaculty Research Grant to support the project Genes and the fertility of Tibetan women at high altitude in Nepal: Biocultural Perspectives on Reproduction and Social Change, co founded by the National Science Foundation, as per above. |
| 2011 |
John S. Dickey Center for International Understanding, Dartmouth CollegeFaculty Research Grant to support ethnography conducted in conjunction with the workshop “Producing Efficacious Medicines: Quality, Potency, Lineage and Efficacious Knowledge,” December 2011, Kathmandu, Nepal. |
| 2010 – 2013 |
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchInternational Collaborative Research Grant (ICRG) for work on production, clinical evaluation, and globalization of Tibetan pharmaceuticals, in cooperation with the Arura Group, Qinghai Province, PRC. |
| 2009 – 2010 |
Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Public Policy and Social Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeWeiss Family Faculty Research/Conference Grant. Support for a panel at the VIIth Congress of the International Association for the Study of Traditional Asian Medicine, Thimphu, Bhutan, September 5-11, 2009. |
| 2009 – 2010 |
Dean of Faculty, Dartmouth College |
| 2008 |
Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Public Policy and Social Sciences, Dartmouth CollegeFaculty Research Grant focused on professionalization and social change among Tibetan medicine practitioners in Nepal |
| 2008 – 2013 |
Shelly and Donald Rubin FoundationHimalayan Undergraduate Studies Grant. Author of five-year renewable grant awarded to Dartmouth College to augment curricular and extracurricular activities related to the greater Himalayan region, both on and off campus. |
| 2007 |
John S. Dickey Center for International Understanding, Dartmouth CollegeFaculty Research Grant focused on the standardization and commoditization of Tibetan medicines in China. |
| 2006 |
Claire Garber Goodman Fund, Anthropology Department, Dartmouth CollegeSuccessive Faculty Research Grants focused on the standardization and commoditization of Tibetan medicines; professionalization and social change among Tibetan medicine practitioners; clinical practice and illness narratives; and preparation of related publications. |
| 2004 |
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Dissertation Research Grant |
| 2002 – 2003 |
Social Science Research Council International Dissertation Research Fellowship |
| 2002 |
Fulbright-Hays/US Dept of Education Dissertation Research Fellowship (declined) |
| 2001 |
Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, Cornell University Research Travel Grant |
| 2000 |
National Science Foundation Graduate Studies Fellowship (three years of support) |
| 2000 |
Jacob K. Javits Foundation Graduate Studies Fellowship (declined) |
| 1995 – 1996 |
Institute for International Education / Fulbright Commission – Fulbright Scholar in Nepal |
AWARDS AND HONORS
| 2012 |
C. Troy Shaver Class of 1969 Fellowship, Dartmouth CollegeAwarded to a newly tenured faculty member to recognize and reward younger members of the faculty whose teaching is true to the highest standards of Dartmouth’s educational mission and whose scholarly or creative activities contribute significantly to the advancement of their respective disciplines. |
| 2010 |
Society for Applied Anthropology, elected as a Fellow |
| 2009 |
International Convention of Asian Scholars (ICAS) Book Prize, August 2009, awarded to L. Pordié, ed. The World of Tibetan Medicine: Contemporary Trends in the Politics of Medical Knowledge and Practice,London: Routledge.My work is included in this volume. ICAS is based in Leiden, Netherlands, and awards this highly competitive prize biannually. |
| 2006 |
Society for Medical Anthropology POLGAR Award for Best Medical Anthropology Article – Adams, Miller, Craig, et al. (2005) |
| 2002 |
US Dept. of Education Foreign Language and Area Studies Scholarship, Cornell University – Tibetan language |
| 2002 |
US Dept. of Education Foreign Language and Area Studies Scholarship, Cornell University – Nepali language |
| 1999 |
US Dept. of Education Foreign Language and Area Studies Scholarship, Cornell University – Nepali language |
BOOKS
| In Preparation |
Medicine in the Mountains: Engaging in Health-Development Work in Asia’s High Altitude Regions. S. Craig and K. Bauer. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England. Under contract, manuscript submission date: Summer 2013. |
| 2012 |
Healing Elements: Efficacy and the Social Ecologies of Tibetan Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press. |
| 2012 |
Clinical Research on Tibetan Medicine: Challenges and Points of Consensus. C. Witt, S. Craig and M. Cumuo, eds. Berlin: CVC/Essen, with support from Hans-Görtz-Stiftungsinstitut. |
| 2010 |
Studies of Medical Pluralism in Tibetan History and Society: Proceedings from the XIth International Association of Tibetan Studies Meetings. S. Craig, M. Cuomo, F. Garrett, and M. Schrempf, eds. Bonn: International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies, Contributions to Research on Central Asia series. |
| 2010 |
Medicine Between Science and Religion: Explorations on Tibetan Grounds. V. Adams, M. Schrempf, and S. Craig eds. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books. |
| 2008 |
Horses Like Lightning: A Story of Passage through the Himalayas. Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications. |
EDITOR – SPECIAL ISSUES OF JOURNALS
| 2010 [2011] |
Himalaya 30(1-2). Special issue on Development in Tibet: Land, Labor, and Social Policy in a Context of Rapid Transition. K. Bauer, G. Childs, S. Craig, and A. Fischer, eds. |
| 2011 |
Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 5(2). Special issue on Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Conservation and Commoditization in the Himalaya and Tibet. S. Craig and D. Glover, eds. Leiden: Brill. |
PEER REVIEWED JOURNAL ARTICLES
| Under Review |
Bitter Pills and Spoonfuls of Sugar: Qualitative Results and Health Care Delivery Implications of a National Survey of Administration Practices and Preferences for Pediatric Formulations in Tanzania. S. Craig, L.V. Adams, E.J. Mmbaga, H. Naburi, C. Nutt, T. Lahey, H. Kuhar, R. Kisenge, G.J. Noel, S.P. Spielberg. Submitted to Globalization and Health. |
| Under Review |
Children’s Medicines in Tanzania: A National Survey of Administration Practices and Preferences. L.V. Adams, S. Craig, E.J. Mmbaga, H. Naburi, T. Lahey, C. Nutt, R. Kisenge, G.J. Noel, S.P. Spielberg. Submitted to PLoS One. |
| 2012 |
Social Suffering and Embodied Political Crisis. Cultural Anthropology, special “Hot Spots” online issue on self-immolations in Tibet, R. Litzinger and C. McGrannahan, eds. Online access: http://www.culanth.org/?q=node/526. |
| 2011 |
Effectiveness of a sports-based HIV prevention intervention in the Dominican Republic: a quasi experimental study. Z. Kaufman, RL Welsch, JD Erickson, S. Craig, L.V. Adams, D.A. Ross. AIDS Care DOI:10.1080/09540121.2011.608789. |
| 2011 |
Migration, Social Change, Health, and the Realm of the Possible: Women’s Stories from Nepal to New York. Anthropology and Humanism 36(2):193-214. |
| 2010 [2011] |
“Not found in Tibetan Societies”: Culture, Childbirth, and a Politics of Life on the Roof of the World. Himalaya 30(1):46-60. |
| 2011 |
Conservation, Cultivation, and Commodification of Medicinal Plants in the Greater Himalayan – Tibetan Plateau. S. Craig and D. Glover. Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 5(2): 219-242, Leiden: Brill. |
| 2011 |
“Good” Manufacturing by Whose Standards? Remaking Quality, Safety, and Value in the Production of Tibetan Pharmaceuticals. Anthropological Quarterly 84(2): 331-378. |
| 2010 |
Taking the MINI to Mustang, Nepal: Methodological and Epistemological Translations of Illness Narrative Interviews. S. Craig, L. Chase, and T.N. Lama. Anthropology and Medicine 17(1): 1-26. |
| 2009 |
Pediatric Therapeutics and Medicine Administration in Resource Poor Settings: A Review of Barriers and an Agenda for Interdisciplinary Approaches to Improving Outcomes. S. Craig, L.V. Adams, S. Spielberg, and B. Campbell. Social Science and Medicine 69: 1681-1690. |
| 2008 [2009] |
Global Pharma in the Land of Snows: Tibetan Medicines and Identity Politics Across Nations, S. Craig and V. Adams. Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 4(1): 1-28. Leiden: Brill. |
| 2008 |
From Butter Tea to Pepsi: A Rapid Appraisal of Food Preferences, Procurement Sources, and Dietary Diversity in a Contemporary Tibetan Township. T. Dickerson, D. Fernandez, Topgyal, A. Samen, Geleg, Nyima, G. Pelto, S. Craig, T. Dye. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 47(1): 229-253. |
| 2007 |
Informed Consent in Cross Cultural Perspective: The Case of Clinical Research in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), PRC. V. Adams, S. Miller, S. Craig. P.V. Le, et al. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 31:445-472. |
| 2007 |
How to Make Consent Informed: Possible Lessons from Tibet. S. Miller, P.V. Le, S. Craig, V. Adams, C. Tudor, Sonam, Nyima, Droyoung, M. Cuomo, Lhakpen, and M. Varner. Hastings Review / IRB Ethics and Human Research, November – December issue, Pp. 7-14. |
| 2007 |
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Hospital Vaginal Deliveries in Tibet. S. Miller, C. Tudor, Nyima, V.R. Thorsten, Sonam, Droyoung, S. Craig, P. Le, L.L. Wright, M.W. Varner. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics 98: 217-221. |
| 2005 |
Having a Safe Delivery: Conflicting Views from Tibet. V. Adams, S. Miller, S. Craig, J. Chertow, A. Samen, M. Varner, Health Care for Women International, 26(9): 821-851. |
| 2005 |
Challenges of Clinical Research in a Cross-Cultural Setting: Case Studies from Lhasa, Tibet. V. Adams, S. Miller, S. Craig, et al. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 19(3): 267-289. |
| 2005 |
A Tale of Two Temples: Culture, Capital, and Community in Mustang, Nepal. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, 27: 11-36. |
| 2002 |
Place, Work, and Identity between Mustang, Nepal and New York City. Studies in Nepali History and Society 7(2): 355-403. |
PEER REVIEWED BOOK CHAPTERS
| In Press |
Tibetan Medicine in the World: From Asia to America and Beyond. Solicited chapter for the catalog of an upcoming Rubin Museum of Art exhibition “The Art of Tibetan Medicine” to be published by University of Washington Press. |
| In Press |
The Many Faces of a Teacher: Portrait of a Himalayan Healer. In L. Pordié and E. Simon, eds. Les neuveau guérisseurs comtemporains. Le néo-traditionalisme thérapeutique en biographies. Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 12,000 words. |
| 2012 |
White Paper: Clinical Research on Tibetan Medicine – Where do we stand and where should we go? C. Witt, S. Craig, B. Graz, M. Heinrich, H. Schwabl, and M. Schrempf. In C. Witt, ed. Clinical Research on Tibetan Medicine: Challenges and Points of Consensus. Berlin: CVC/Essen, with support from Hans-Görtz-Stiftungsinstitut. |
| 2012 |
Clinical Research on a Tibetan Medicine versus a Western Medicine: Reflections on Research Design and Implementation. S. Craig and M. Cuomu. In C. Witt, ed. Clinical Research on Tibetan Medicine: Challenges and Points of Consensus. Berlin: CVC/Essen, with support from Hans-Görtz-Stiftungsinstitut. |
| 2010 |
Tibetan Medicine at the Crossroads, S. Craig, F. Garrett, M. Schrempf, and M. Cuomo. In S. Craig, M. Cuomo, F. Garrett, and M. Schrempf, eds. Studies of Medical Pluralism in Tibetan History and Society: Proceedings from the 11th International Association of Tibetan Studies Meetings. Bonn: Institute of Tibetan and Central Asian Studies. |
| 2010 |
From Empowerments to Power Calculations: Notes on Efficacy, Value, and Epistemology. In V. Adams, M. Schrempf, and S. Craig, eds. Medicine Between Science and Religion: Explorations on Tibetan Grounds, Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books. |
| 2010 |
A gso ba rig pa Sensibility, V. Adams, M. Schrempf, and S. Craig. In V. Adams, M. Schrempf, and S. Craig, eds. Medicine Between Science and Religion: Explorations on Tibetan Grounds. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books. |
| 2009 |
Pregnancy and Childbirth in Tibet: Knowledge, Perspectives, and Practices. In H. Selin, ed. Childbirth Across Cultures, New York: Springer, Pp. 145-160. |
| 2008 |
Place and Professionalization: Navigating Amchi Identity in Nepal. InL. Pordié, ed. The World of Tibetan Medicine: Contemporary Trends in the Politics of Medical Knowledge and Practice, London: Routledge, Pp. 62-90. |
| 2007 |
A Crisis of Confidence: A Comparison Between Tibetan Medical Education in Nepal and Tibet. InM. Schrempf, ed. Soundings in Tibetan Medicine: Anthropological and Historical Perspectives. Proceedings from the 10th International Association of Tibetan Studies Meetings. Amsterdam: Brill, Pp. 127-154. |
| 2007 |
Windhorses and Dharma Warriors: The religious, historical, and cultural significance of horse protection rituals in Mustang, Nepal. In S. Olsen, ed. Horses and Humans: Proceedings from International Symposium on Horse and Human Relationships, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, Pp. 339-354. |
| 2005 |
Himalayan Healers in Transition: Professionalization, Identity, and Conservation among practitioners of gso ba rig pa in Nepal. S. Craig and G. Bista, In Y. Thomas, M. Karki, K. Gurung, and D. Parajuli, eds. Himalayan Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Balancing Use and Conservation. Kathmandu: WWF Nepal Program, Pp. 411-434. |
| 1998 |
Indigenous Veterinary Care in West Nepal. Proceedings from Second International Conference on Yak, Qinghai Academy of Sciences: People’s Republic of China. |
| 1996 |
Pasture Management, Indigenous Veterinary Care, and the Role of the Horse in Mustang, Nepal. In D. Miller, S. Craig, and G. Rana, eds, Proceedings from Regional Expert Meeting on Rangelands and Pastoral Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. |
BOOK REVIEWS, NON-REFEREED ARTICLES, AND REPORTS
| 2012 |
Review: The Inheritance of Change: Transmission and Practice of Tibetan Medicine in Ngamring by Theresia Hofer. Himalaya 32(1-2). |
| 2012 |
Producing Efficacious Medicines: Notes on an Extraordinary Workshop. With C. Blaikie, T. Hofer, and B. Gerke. IASTAM Newsletter, Spring 2012 Issue. |
| 2010 |
Reflection on the 7th Congress of the International Association for the Study of Traditional Asian Medicine (IASTAM). Himalaya 29(1-2): 88-91. |
| 2010 |
Review: Essentials of Tibetan Traditional Medicine by Thinley Gyatso and Chris Hakim. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 133: 248-250. |
| 2010 |
Review: The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama by Thomas Laird. Himalaya 27(1-2). |
| 2009 |
Review: Their Footprints Remain: Biomedical Beginnings across the Indo-Tibetan Frontier by Alex McKay, Social History of Medicine. 22:663-664. |
| 2009 |
Review: Precious Pills: Medicine and Social Change among Tibetan Refugees in India by Audrey Prost. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 33(4): 643-647. |
| 2008 |
Authenticity, Best Practice, and the Evidence Mosaic: The Challenge of Integrating Traditional East Asian Medicines into Western Health Care. Proceedings from the IASTAM-Wellcome Trust conference, compiled by V. Scheid. Complementary Therapies in Medicine (16):107-110. |
| 2004 |
Tibetan Medicine in Contemporary Tibet: Health and Health Care, vol. 2. London: Tibet Information Network. |
| 1996 |
Traditional Doctors and Medicinal Plants in Shey Phoksundo National Park. S. Craig and Tshampa Ngawang, WWF Report Series, October issue. |
CREATIVE WRITING
| 2012 |
Tse Go La: At the Threshold of this Life. This work combines a series of my poems with traditional court songs from Mustang, Nepal, composed for combined choruses and chamber orchestra by Andrea Clearfield. Co-commissioned by the Mendelssohn Club and the Pennsylvania Girl Choir for premiere with the Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia on April, 29 2012. |
| 2010 |
A Sacred Geography: Sonnets of Tibet and the Himalaya. Anthropology and Humanism, 35(2): 240-247. |
| 2009 [2004] |
Clear Sky, Red Earth: A Himalayan Story, with illustrations by Tenzin Norbu Lama Kathmandu: Mera Publications. |
| 2005 |
A Sacred Geography: Sonnets of Tibetan and Himalayan Landscape. Simplemente Maria Press: Santa Barbara, CA. Limited edition artists book which featured my poetry. |
JOURNALISM / EDITORIAL
| 2012 |
Books are Made through Conversations. Library Muse, the Dartmouth Library Blog. Url: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~libraryblog/?p=2290 |
| 2012 |
Monsoon in the Rainshadow and Where Horses Grow Swift, Interview by Kunda Dixit. Nepali Times Issue 621, 7 September, 2012. Url: http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2012/09/07/Nation/19611#.ULJQ1IV1HXU |
| 2010 |
Not a Hidden Kingdom (Op-Ed). The Kathmandu Post, September 15, 2010. |
| 2004 |
Selling Shangri La: Tibetan Medicine from Lhasa and Beyond, Emirates In-Flight Magazine, November issue. |
| 2004 |
With One Heart: Culture, Medicine, and the Survival of Tibetans. The Explorer’s Journal, Spring Issue. |
| 2003 |
SARS on the Roof of the World. The Explorer’s Journal, Summer Issue. |
| 2000 |
Ruminations on a Road. Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, Fall Issue. |
| 2000 |
Saving Tibet’s Children. Shambhala Sun, Summer Issue. |
| 1998 |
Portrait of a Himalayan Healer. The Explorer’s Journal, Fall Issue. |
| 1998 |
Riding in the Rain Shadow. Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, Winter Issue.Wind, Blood, Fire: A Glimpse at Mustang’s Equine Traditions. Mustang Sandesh. |
EXHIBITIONS
| 2011 |
Traditions Transformed: Tibetan Artists Respond, Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, January 22 – March 31, 2010. Assisted in bringing this exhibit to Dartmouth from the Rubin Museum of Art (NYC), and in organizing curricular activities connected with the exhibition, including a Tibetan Buddhist sand mandala ritual, gallery talks and lectures. |
| 2006 |
A Sacred Geography andMani Wall. The Fowler Museum, University of California at Los Angeles, Westwood, CA, June 10 – September 10, 2006.Poetry featured in the exhibition, which was concurrent with The Missing Peace Project: Artists Consider the Dalai Lama. |
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